Road Trip Through History: Crow Wing State Park and the Red River Ox Cart Trail (with a brief aside on ghost towns)
My Own True Love and I almost didn’t stop at Crow Wing State Park. It was late on a dreary afternoon. We’d had a long history nerd day already. And it wasn’t entirely clear that there would be anything to see.
But all the (very vague) descriptions of the park said it was the site of an important pre-Civil war frontier town and a major stop on the Red River Ox Cart Trail. We had been tantalized by bits and pieces about the Red River Trail on historical markers ever since we crossed into Minnesota several days before. We decided we couldn’t pass up the chance to learn more.
It was a good choice.
It is true that Crow Wing State Park doesn’t have much to see as far as history-nerdery goes: a gentle trail with a series of interpretive signs (1) and an antebellum Greek Revival house in the throes of restoration. If you want a living history program to interpret the past for you, this is not the site for you. If you can make due with an interesting story and standing in the place where history happened, you will be just fine.
The park is located at the confluence of the Crow Wing and Mississippi rivers. It is also located at the confluence of two frontier stories: the rise and decline of the trading town of Crow Wing and the history of the Red River Ox Cart Trail. (2)
The American Fur Company (3) established a trading post in the region in 1823. When the fur trade declined in the 1840s, the town of Crow Wing became an outfitting center for the logging trade and an important stop on the Red River Ox Cart Trail.
The Red River Trail was a set of three overland trade routes that ran between Winnipeg in Canada and St Paul in Minnesota from the late 1830s through the early 1870s. Thousands of heavy two-wheeled wooden carts, made with spoked wheels that were designed to pass over rocky river beds and through soggy marches, carried Canadian furs south and supplies north. They traveled in caravans that often numbered more than a hundred vehicles. Each cart was pulled by a single ox. By tying each animal to the cart in front of it, a driver was able to handle as many as ten carts. By the 1850s, caravans of 500 carts arrived in St. Paul on a regular basis. It was smuggling on an large scale: an attempt to evade English laws that imposed heavy tariffs on imported goods from the United States and gave the British-owned Hudson’s Bay Company a monopoly on trading in Canadian furs.
Crow Wing prospered alongside the illegal fur trade. It was a rowdy frontier town that served not only as a center of the fur trade but as the political headquarters for the powerful Ojibwe leader Hole-in-the-Day. Crow Wing reached its peak in the 1860s, with a population of about 800 and some thirty buildings. Two events led to the town’s demise. In 1868, the Ojibwe nation, members of which made up a substantial portion of the community, was relocated to the White Earth Reservation. In 1871, the Northern Pacific railroad bypassed Crow Wing in favor of nearby Brainerd.(4) By the end of the decade, Crow Wing was a ghost town.
And speaking of ghost towns:
To my surprise, ghost towns were a recurring theme of our trip. More than once we saw small exhibits dedicated to towns that had grown up to support the fur trade, the logging industry, or mining and withered away because industries closed, transportation routes changes, or county seats shifted. A chilling reminder of the impermanence of the things we build.
(1) Most of them in bad condition. A park employee told us with great excitement that new signs are on the way. I am pleased to report that the few new signs that were already in place are highly informative. Give it six months or a year.
(2) Apparently, the area was also the site of a significant battle in 1768 between the Sioux and the Chippewa, part of an ongoing war in which the Sioux struggled (unsuccessfully) to defend what is now Minnesota against the invading Chippewa/Ojibwe. Unfortunately, this is the sum total of what the park historical markers told me—and more than I knew going in. One of the other things I learned over the course of our adventure is the depths of my ignorance about Native American history. I plan to do something about that.
(3) Founded by John Jacob Astor in 1808 to challenge the dominance of the Canada-based Hudson’s Bay Company—a name you’ll see again in another paragraph or so.
(4) The arrival of the railroad led to the demise of the Red River Trail as well
Road Trip Through History: Lake Itasca State Park and the Civilian Conservation Corps
If you’ve spent any time in state or national parks in the United States, you have undoubtedly seen buildings constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) during the Depression— rustic lodges and cabins that are as distinctive as the public art produced by the Works Progress Administration during the same period.
The CCC was one of the first programs put into place as part of Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal. In my opinion it was brilliantly effective: a public works relief program that provided jobs and training for three million unemployed unmarried men between the ages of 18 and 25 from 1933 and 1942. (1) They received thirty dollars a month—twenty-five of which was sent home to their families—as well as clothing, shoes, and three solid meals a day. (Not to mention medical and dental care.) In exchange, they worked on conservation projects and developed state and national parks. It was a win all around.
I’ve been fascinated by the CCC for decades, and I didn’t really expect to learn anything new from the CCC exhibit at Lake Itasca State Park. Wrong again. Here are the bits from the exhibit that caught my imagination:
- Minnesota had the second largest number of CCC enrollees in the nation because the state already had a plan for developing state parks in place but no resources to implement it. Preparation pays off.
- Enrollees learned construction skills on the job in the CCC, but they also had the opportunity for further academic and vocational training, including automobile and airplane mechanics, radio operation, geography, welding, and cooking.(2) By then end of their service with the CCC, many of the enrollees had completed a high school equivalency degree. (Finishing high school was not as common at the time as it is today.)
- Two other groups of men worked alongside the CCC, members of the Veteran’s Conservation Corps, made up of unemployed veterans of what was still known as the Great War, and LEMs, “local experienced men”.
(1) In December 1941, a different type of public job program for young men went into effect following Pearl Harbor.
(2) Thereby creating a cadre of young men with skills that would be useful when America when to war. It is worth noting that while the departments of Agriculture and the Interior were responsible for the projects undertaken by the CCC, the army ran the camps.
From the History in the Margins Archives: You Can’t Vote Because….
If you’ve been hanging around here on the Margins for a while, you may have read this one before. I think it’s worth repeating.
![[Suffragists in parade] (LOC)](http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3033/3313669287_b8229543b5.jpg)
From sixth century Athens on, who has the vote and why has been a touchy and evolving subject in democracies. People who already have the vote have hesitated to extend it to others for two basic reasons. Those with the vote don’t think those without the vote have the capacity to make good choices. Those with the vote fear they will lose power.
Over the centuries, people in power have come up with plenty of reasons not to extend the franchise to those who don’t yet have it. Here are a few of the classics:
You can’t vote because
- You’re a slave
- You’re a woman
- You don’t own property
- You don’t own enough property
- You don’t practice the right religion
- You are the wrong race or ethnicity
- Your father or grandfather couldn’t vote
If you’re lucky enough to have the vote, use it. Because democracy is a terrible thing to waste.