From the Archives: Déjà vu All Over Again: Closing the Border
Concerns that immigrants flooding across the border threaten the nation's basic institutions. Construction of armed posts to defend the border. Passage of new, more restrictive immigration laws. Sound familiar? Welcome to Mexico in 1830.
The story began when Mexico won independence from Spain in 1821. At first the newly independent country welcomed settlers from the United States. The government signed contracts with immigration brokers, called empresarios, who agreed to settle a set number of immigrants on a set piece of property in a set amount of time. In exchange for the right to buy land, settlers agreed to obey Mexican law, become Mexican citizens, and convert to Catholicism. At the same time, the US Congress passed a new land act that made emigration to Mexico even more appealing. Public land in the US cost $1.25/acre*, for a minimum of eighty acres and could no longer be bought on credit. Public land in Mexico cost 12 1/2¢/acre and credit terms were generous. For many of the westward bound it was a no-brainer.
Some empresarios brought in groups of settlers from France or Germany. More, including Stephen Austin,** brought in settlers from the southern United States. Most new colonists settled in new communities east of modern San Antonia. By the mid-1830s, Anglo settlers outnumbered native Tejanos by as much as 10 to 1 some parts of Texas. These settlers brought the culture of the American South with them, including slaves and slavery.*** Worse, from an economic point of view, many Anglo settlers traded (illegally) with Louisiana rather than with Mexico.
Concerned about the growing American economic and cultural influence in the Texas region, the Mexican government passed a law banning immigration into Texas from the United States on April 6, 1830. They also assessed heavy customs duties on all US goods, prohibited the importation of slaves, built new forts in the border region and opened customs houses to patrol the border for illegal trade.
The law didn't have the intended affect. Instead of re-gaining control over Texas, Anglo colonists and the Mexican government were in constant conflict. The law was repealed in 1833, too late to staunch the wound. The first shots in what would become the Texas War of Independence were fired on October 2, 1835.
*$31.44 in today's currency. Still a bargain.
** Hence Austin, Texas. (I don't know about you, but I'm always curious as to how a town got its name.)
***Outlawed in Mexico is 1829--so much for obeying the laws.
From the Archives: Déjà Vu All Over Again: The Immigration Law of 1924
America has always been a nation of immigrants, fueled by a constant stream of those with the energy and imagination to leave the familiar in search of something more. And it has always had people who wanted to keep out the immigrants who came a generation or two after they themselves arrived.
Between 1880 and 1923, America saw the greatest voluntary migration in human history. Twenty-one million people moved to America in search of a better life. They fled from poverty, despotism, and prejudice. By 1911, the United States Immigration Commission reported that three-fifths of American wage-earners were born somewhere else..
Not everyone was happy about the new arrivals. Many groups argued that Congress should shut down the flood of immigration, just as some people now argue for tighter control of immigration. Labor unions feared that the flood of immigrants would take American jobs and depress wages. (Sound familiar?) Many longtime Americans felt that newcomers from eastern and southern Europe were inherently inferior to earlier immigrants from northwestern Europe. Others disliked the fact that many of the new arrivals were Catholic or Jewish. (Members of the Ku Klux Klan was the most violent proponents of this position, but they weren't alone.)
Responding to these pressures, Congress passed a new immigration law in 1924. In addition to limiting the total number of immigrants allowed into the country each year, the new law established immigration quotas for each country based on the proportion of each nationality in the United States in the 1890 census, effectively reducing immigration from central and southern Europe. Asian immigrants were excluded altogether, with these exception of those from Japan and the Philippines.*
The quotas remained in place, largely unchanged, until 1965. Shame on us.
*Japan kept tight control over the number of emigrants allowed to leave. The Philippines were a US possession.
Road Trip Through History: Memphis and Music
Two days in Memphis. Two visits to iconic recording studios.* Two very different experiences.
Just to remind anyone who doesn't have the history of rock music in their heads: Sun Records, which bills itself as the place where rock and roll was born, was the label that launched Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins, Roy Orbison--I don't need to go on do I? Stax Records, founded only seven years later, was home to Otis Redding and other stars of soul, funk, and blues. Between them, these two labels provided a big chunk of the sound track of your life if you are an American baby-boomer, plus or minus a few years. As far as My Own True Love and I were concerned, both were a must-see.
Sun Studio
A visit to Sun Studio is a low-budget, low-tech, highly satisfying experience. A passionate, knowledgeable (and in our experience at least, very funny) docent led our tour group upstairs into an exhibition space (once an informal flophouse for impoverished musicians) where he told the story of how Sam Phillips founded the label in 1952, stopping to play relevant musical clips that had the multinational, multi generation wiggling to the music. The exhibits had the "run up by loving hands at home" feel of a small town historical society museum. We moved down into the recording studio itself, where the story and the music continued: Elvis winning a contract with a last-minute save,** the night the Million-Dollar Quartet jammed at the studio, the closing of the studio and its subsequent re-use for a string of non-music businesses, and the re-opening of the original studio as a recording space where music notables such as U2 and Bonnie Raitt come to record as an act of pilgrimage. The tour ends with the opportunity to ham it up with a vintage mike. Over the course of an hour and a bit I shared an excellent vanilla malt with My Own True Love, got choked up, laughed, and wriggled to the music. I think it's fair to say that I was not the only happy human walking out the door at the end of the tour.
Stax Museum
On the surface there was every reason to believe that a visit to the home of Stax Records would be just as satisfying. Like Sun Records, Stax has great music to draw on, an engaging built-from-the-bootstraps story with founders*** who were passionate about what developed into soul music, artists whose own rags-to-riches stories are as appealing as the story of the company, and a history of cooperation across racial lines. Like Sun Records, Stax has a feel-good second act. The Soulsville Foundation, which owns and operates the museum in the old movie theater where Stax produced its iconic records, also runs the Stax Music Academy and the Soulsville Charter School, both of which provide music education to kids. From my perspective, the Stax Museum was a missed opportunity.
Unlike Sun Studio, the Stax Museum is highly produced, using all the tricks of modern museum technology. It could have been spectacular. At the purely visual level, it was spectacular. But they lost the thread of their story. Instead of using their artists and the music to illustrate the central story, they tried to squeeze all the individual stories into a single exhibit. Worse, from my perspective, they had music and interviews running continuously so that they ran together into a muddy background of sound. It was a shame.
When I left Sun Studio, I was bouncing in my bop-around shoes. When I left Stax Records, I felt like I'd been bludgeoned with a recording mike. Luckily, if you are interested in the history of rock, the Stax Museum website does exactly what I had hoped the museum would do and does it really well. It tells the Stax story clearly, gives you opportunities to listen to the music and butt-dance in your chair,**** and makes an appeal for support for music and education program in a depressed neighborhood that produced an astonishing number of major musical talents in the mid-20th centuries.
And speaking of dancing around the room…..
* Not mention the Cotton Museum, the Ornamental Metal Museum, a few strolls along Beale Street, and some fabulous BBQ.
**Phillips turned him down twice.
***Jim Stewart and his sister Estelle Axton. St + Ax= Stax. A minor revelation. I had always assumed that Stax referred to a stack of 45 singles waiting to drop onto the turntable of a small record player like this one:
[If you're reading this in your email, you may not be able to see the record player. Click the post title and it will take you to the browser, where all will be revealed.]
****Or get up and dance around the room. Always a good idea in my opinion.
"Sun Studio, Memphis" by David Jones - Sun Studio, Memphis. Licensed under CC BY 2.0 via Wikimedia Commons
"Staxmuseum2005" by No machine-readable author provided. Wisekwai assumed (based on copyright claims). - No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims).. Licensed under CC BY 2.5 via Wikimedia Commons.